{"count":543,"next":"https://cinder.proteo.info/api/subcellular_locations/?format=json&limit=20&offset=340&ordering=location_identifier","previous":"https://cinder.proteo.info/api/subcellular_locations/?format=json&limit=20&offset=300&ordering=location_identifier","results":[{"location_identifier":"Melanosome.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0161","definition":"The melanosome is a melanin-containing organelle found in melanocytes and melanophores. Fish and amphibians possess specialized cells, called melanophores, which contain hundreds of melanin-filled pigment granules, termed melanosomes. The sole function of these cells is pigment aggregation in the center of the cell or dispersion throughout the cytoplasm. This alternative transport of pigment allows the animal to effect color changes important for camouflage and social interactions. Melanophores transport their pigment in response to extracellular cues: neurotransmitters in the case of fish and hormonal stimuli in the case of frogs. In both cases, melanosome dispersion is induced by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, while aggregation is triggered by depression of cAMP. The regulatory mechanisms downstream of these second-messengers are poorly understood. Mammalian melanocytes also produce melanosomes but, unlike melanophores, pigment in these cells is transported to the cell periphery for subsequent exocytosis to surrounding epithelial cells. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Melanosome.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0042470; melanosome; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":"http://www.proweb.org/kinesin/Melanophore.html; "},{"location_identifier":"Melanosome lumen.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0338","definition":"The melanosomal compartment bounded by the membrane surrounding a melanosome. ","synonyms":"Melanosomal lumen.; ","content":"Melanosome lumen.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Melanosome.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0034493; melanosome lumen; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Melanosome membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0160","definition":"The membrane surrounding a melanosome. ","synonyms":"Melanosomal membrane.; ","content":"Melanosome membrane.","is_a":"Membrane.; ","part_of":"Endomembrane system.; Melanosome.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0033162; melanosome membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0162","definition":"A membrane is a lipid bilayer which surrounds enclosed spaces and compartments. This selectively permeable structure is essential for effective separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings. Membranes are composed of various types of molecules such as phospholipids, integral membrane proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc. The relative amounts of these components as well as the types of lipids are non-randomly distributed from membrane to membrane as well as between the two leaflets of a membrane. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Membrane.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-0472","gene_ontology":"GO:0016020; membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Membrane raft.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0370","definition":"Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. Multiple types of rafts are likely to exist, based both on their lipid and protein composition. ","synonyms":"Lipid microdomain; Lipid raft; Membrane microdomain.; ","content":"Membrane raft.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Endomembrane system.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0045121; membrane raft; ","annotation":null,"references":"PubMed=16645198; DOI=10.1194/jlr.E600002-JLR200;; ","links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microneme.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0163","definition":"The microneme is an Apicomplexan parasite organelle. Apicomplexa are named for the unique set of morphologically distinct secretory organelles (refered to as the apical complex)- micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules - whose sequential secretion is required for the invasion of host cells. Micronemes are the smallest, they are involved in the early stages of invasion. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme.","is_a":"Secretory vesicle.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0020009; microneme; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microneme lumen.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0339","definition":"The micronemal compartment bounded by the membrane of a microneme. ","synonyms":"Micronemal lumen.; ","content":"Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme lumen.","is_a":"Secretory vesicle lumen.; ","part_of":"Microneme.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0034494; microneme lumen; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microneme membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0164","definition":"The membrane surrounding a microneme. ","synonyms":"Micronemal membrane.; ","content":"Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme membrane.","is_a":"Secretory vesicle membrane.; ","part_of":"Microneme.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0033163; microneme membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microsome.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0166","definition":"The microsomes are a heterogenous set of vesicles 20-200nm in diameter and formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. The vesicles are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Microsome.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Endoplasmic reticulum.; ","keyword":"KW-0492","gene_ontology":null,"annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microsome membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0165","definition":"The membrane surrounding the microsome. ","synonyms":"Microsomal membrane.; ","content":"Microsome membrane.","is_a":"Membrane.; ","part_of":"Endomembrane system.; Microsome.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":null,"annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microtubule organizing center.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0484","definition":"The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) is an intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules. ","synonyms":"MTOC.; ","content":"Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Cytoskeleton.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005815; microtubule organizing center; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microvillus.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0293","definition":"Microvilli are thin cylindrical dynamic cell projections containing a core bundle of actin filaments. They serve a diverse set of functions, such as increasing absorptive surface area in the epithelial brush border, tethering leukocytes to the surface of endothelial cells or participate in sperm-oocyte fusion. ","synonyms":"Microvilli.; ","content":"Cell projection, microvillus.","is_a":"Cell projection.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005902; microvillus; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Microvillus membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0294","definition":"The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a microvillus. ","synonyms":"Microvillar membrane.; ","content":"Cell projection, microvillus membrane.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Cell membrane.; Microvillus.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0031528; microvillus membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Midbody.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0469","definition":"The midbody is the central region of the thin intercellular cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells during cytokinesis. It consists of tightly bundled antiparallel microtubules, which embrace a phase-dense circular structure, called midbody ring. At the final stage of cytokinesis, the intercellular bridge is cleaved, in a process termed abscission, and two daughter cells are formed. Following abscission, the residual midbody structure, known as the midbody remnant or midbody derivative, can have different fates depending on the cell type. It can be either released to the extracellular medium, degraded by autophagy or persists in the cytoplasm, showing asymmetric accumulation in the daughter cells. ","synonyms":"Midbody derivative; Midbody remnant.; ","content":"Midbody.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0030496; midbody; ","annotation":"Some authors consider that Flemming body and Midbody are synonyms. This is not the case in UniProtKB, where we use Flemming body as a synonym for Midbody ring, a specific part of the midbody. If you have doubt, use the broader term, Midbody. ","references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Midbody ring.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0490","definition":"The midbody ring is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining, although interdigitating microtubules persist through the gap. It is thought that high local protein density masks tubulin epitopes known to be present. The midbody ring serves as a scaffold for a wide variety of structural and regulatory proteins required for completion of cytokinesis. ","synonyms":"Flemming body; Stembody.; ","content":"Midbody, Midbody ring.","is_a":"Midbody.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0090543; Flemming body; ","annotation":"Some authors consider that Flemming body and Midbody are synonyms. This is not the case in UniProtKB, where we use Flemming body as a synonym for Midbody ring, a specific part of the midbody. If you have doubt, use the broader term, Midbody. ","references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Mitochondrion.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0173","definition":"The mitochondrion is a semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelle that occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. The size and coding capacity of the mitochondrial DNA varies considerably in different organisms, and encodes rRNAs, tRNAs and essential mitochondrial proteins. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Mitochondrion.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-0496","gene_ontology":"GO:0005739; mitochondrion; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Mitochondrion envelope.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0167","definition":"The mitochondrial envelope comprises the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane including the intermembrane space. ","synonyms":"Mitochondrial envelope.; ","content":"Mitochondrion envelope.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Mitochondrion.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005740; mitochondrial envelope; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Mitochondrion inner membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0168","definition":"The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is the membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. ","synonyms":"Inner mitochondrial membrane; Mitochondrial inner membrane.; ","content":"Mitochondrion inner membrane.","is_a":"Mitochondrion membrane.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-0999","gene_ontology":"GO:0005743; mitochondrial inner membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Mitochondrion intermembrane space.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0169","definition":"The mitochondrial intermembrane space is the space between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane. ","synonyms":"Mitochondrial intermembrane space; Mitochondrial periplasm;; Mitochondrial periplasmic space.; ","content":"Mitochondrion intermembrane space.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Mitochondrion envelope.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005758; mitochondrial intermembrane space; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Mitochondrion matrix.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0170","definition":"The matrix of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane. Several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. ","synonyms":"Mitochondrial matrix.; ","content":"Mitochondrion matrix.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Mitochondrion.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005759; mitochondrial matrix; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null}]}