{"count":543,"next":"https://cinder.proteo.info/api/subcellular_locations/?format=json&limit=20&offset=60&ordering=location_identifier","previous":"https://cinder.proteo.info/api/subcellular_locations/?format=json&limit=20&offset=20&ordering=location_identifier","results":[{"location_identifier":"Bacterial microcompartment.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0544","definition":"Bacterial microcompartments (BMC) are proteinaceous polyhedral shells that encapsulate enzymes. The selectively permeable organelles protect their contents from the cytoplasm and/or the cytoplasm from reactants in their interior. The best characterized BMC is the carboxysome, which encapsulates RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase, and enhances autotrophic CO(2) fixation. Other characterized BMCs encapsulate enzymes involved in ethanolamine or propanediol degradation; both pathways make toxic intermediates. Artifical BMCs can be expressed and filled with cargo proteins for biotechnological uses. BMCs are found in many bacterial phyla; in most cases their cargo is unknown. ","synonyms":"Metabolosome; Polyhedral organelle.; ","content":"Bacterial microcompartment.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-1283","gene_ontology":"GO:0031469; bacterial microcompartment; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Barrier septum.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0454","definition":"The barrier septum, is a septum which spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Barrier septum.","is_a":"Cell septum.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0000935; division septum; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Basal cell membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0024","definition":"The basal cell membrane is the fraction of the plasma membrane at the basal side of the cell, which faces the underlying connective tissue. ","synonyms":"Basal plasma membrane.; ","content":"Basal cell membrane.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Cell membrane.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0009925; basal plasma membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Basement membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0025","definition":"The basement membrane is a highly specialized extracellular matrix structure undelying the basal surface of cells exhibiting polarity (epithelial, endothelial and mesothelial cells) and surrounding certain cell types such as muscle, adipose and Schwann cells. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane.","is_a":"Extracellular matrix.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-0084","gene_ontology":"GO:0005604; basement membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Basolateral cell membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0026","definition":"The basolateral cell membrane is the fraction of the plasma membrane at the basolateral side of the cell, which faces adjacent cells and the underlying connective tissue. ","synonyms":"Basolateral plasma membrane.; ","content":"Basolateral cell membrane.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Cell membrane.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0016323; basolateral plasma membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Bleb.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0472","definition":"These cellular membrane protrusions are the result of actomyosin contractions of the cortex, which cause either transient detachment of the cell membrane from the actin cortex or a rupture in the actin cortex. Then, cytosol streams out of the cell body and inflates the newly formed bleb. Once expansion slows, an actin cortex is reconstituted. Retraction is powered by myosin motor proteins. Blebbing is a common feature of cell physiology during cell movement, cytokinesis, cell spreading and apoptosis. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Cell projection, bleb.","is_a":"Cell projection.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0032059; bleb; ","annotation":null,"references":"PubMed=17318224; DOI=10.1038/nrm2122;; ","links":null},{"location_identifier":"Bud.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0027","definition":"A growing bud is an asexual reproductive structure, as in yeast or a hydra, that consists of an outgrowth capable of developing into a new individual. ","synonyms":"Growing bud.; ","content":"Bud.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005933; cellular bud; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Bud membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0028","definition":"The membrane surrounding a bud. ","synonyms":"Cellular bud membrane.; ","content":"Bud membrane.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Bud.; Cell membrane.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0033101; cellular bud membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Bud neck.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0029","definition":"The bud neck is a constriction between the mother and the daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding. This structure comprises the septin ring, an hourglass-shaped collar around the mother-bud neck, which splits into two rings flanking the division plane at cytokinesis and that acts as a diffusion barrier to maintain polarity factors in the bud and as a scaffold to recruit actomyosin contractile ring components. ","synonyms":"Cellular bud neck.; ","content":"Bud neck.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Bud.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005935; cellular bud neck; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Bud tip.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0030","definition":"The bud tip is the distal tip of the bud opposite to the site of attachment to the mother cell. ","synonyms":"Cellular bud tip.; ","content":"Bud tip.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Bud.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005934; cellular bud tip; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Cajal body.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0031","definition":"The nuclear Cajal bodies (CBs) are small subnuclear membraneless organelles present either free in the nucleoplasm and/or physically associated to specific regions of chromatin. CBs contain newly assembled small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) particles, which are involved in pre-mRNA splicing and in ribosomal RNA processing, respectively. Mammalian nucleus in interphase, show 2-6 CBs, as irregular, punctuate structures, which vary in size and shape and which are often juxtaposed to nucleoli. At the electronic-microscope level, they are composed of heterogeneous mixture of electro-dense particles with diameters ranging from 20-25 nm and are called coiled body. Structures similar to CBs have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus (called sphere organelles) and in insect (called endobodies). CBs are motile and dynamic structures. Both their protein and RNA-protein components can cycle continuously between CBs and other nuclear locations depending on the transcriptional state of the cell. ","synonyms":"Cajal bodies; Coiled body; Endobodies; Nucleolar accessory bodies;; Sphere organelles.; ","content":"Nucleus, Cajal body.","is_a":"Nuclear body.; ","part_of":"Nucleus.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0015030; Cajal body; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Calyx.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0032","definition":"The calyx is a large cytoskeletal component of the perinuclear theca of the mammalian sperm head. ","synonyms":"Calyces; Cytoskeletal calyx.; ","content":"Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, perinuclear theca, calyx.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Perinuclear theca.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0033150; cytoskeletal calyx; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Capsule.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0033","definition":"The capsule is a protective structure surrounding some bacteria or fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer of material, usually polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall possibly via covalent attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A molecules. It has several functions: promote bacterial adhesion to surfaces or interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability barrier, as a defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve. Among pathogens, capsule formation often correlates with pathogenicity. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which lies outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides. It protects the cell from different environmental dangers such as phagocytosis, dessication, etc. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Secreted, capsule.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Cell envelope.; Secreted.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0042603; capsule; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Carboxysome.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0034","definition":"Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments in which ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO)-mediated CO(2) fixation occurs. The cytoplasmic polyhedral inclusion bodies are surrounded by a thin protein coat. They enhance autotrophic CO(2) fixation in air by increasing the CO(2) concentration around RuBisCO, thus reducing its reaction with O(2), a competing substrate. They contain carbonic anhydrase as part of the CO(2) concentration mechanism. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Carboxysome.","is_a":"Bacterial microcompartment.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-1282","gene_ontology":"GO:0031470; carboxysome; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Caveola.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0035","definition":"The caveola is a small (apparently) uncoated pit mostly found in the cell membrane of many highly differentiated mammalian cells, such as adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. These flask-shaped invaginations are defined by the presence of caveolins and contains a subset of lipid-raft components, including cholesterol and sphingolipids. Caveolae each comprise a caveolar bulb with a diameter of 60-80 nm, connected to an opening of fairly constant diameter. Caveolae might exists as single pits or can form a cluster of caveolae with non-caveolar membrane between the pits. In many tissues, and particularly in adipocytes, multiple caveolae are arranged around a central vacuolar domain. In developing muscle fibres, multiple caveolae are connected by a single neck to the cell membrane, producing large chains of interconnected caveolae. Another structural feature of caveolae in certain endothelia is the presence of a stomatal diaphragm, which consists of a central density and radial spikes, in the neck of the caveolae. Mature caveolae might be assembled in the Golgi apparatus. Caveolae can flatten out into the cell membrane, thereby loosing their caveolar identity. ","synonyms":"Caveolae; Membrane microdomain; Plasmalemmal vesicle.; ","content":"Membrane, caveola.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Endomembrane system.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005901; caveola; ","annotation":null,"references":"PubMed=17318224; DOI=10.1038/nrm2122;; ","links":null},{"location_identifier":"Cell cortex.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0138","definition":"The cell cortex is the cytoplasmic region under the cell membrane. ","synonyms":null,"content":"Cytoplasm, cell cortex.","is_a":null,"part_of":"Cytoplasm.; ","keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0005938; cell cortex; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Cell envelope.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0036","definition":"The cell envelope comprises the cell membrane, the cell wall and an outer membrane if present. In bacteria with 1 membrane (Gram-positive) the cell envelope consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule. In bacteria with 2 membranes (Gram-negative) the envelope consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, periplasmic space, outer membrane and capsule. The archaeal cell envelope generally consists of single membrane covered by a surface layer (S-layer). Ignicoccus species exceptionally have an outer membrane which encloses a large periplasmic space. Extreme thermophiles and acidophiles have tetraether type glycerophospholipids with C40 isoprenoid chains. The yeast cell envelope is a protecting capsule which consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, the periplasmic space, and the cell wall. ","synonyms":"Envelope.; ","content":"Cell envelope.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":null,"gene_ontology":"GO:0030313; cell envelope; ","annotation":"Try to use a child/narrower/more specific term instead ","references":null,"links":"http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/ehrmann/tools/ecce/ecce.htm; "},{"location_identifier":"Cell inner membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0037","definition":"The prokaryotic inner cell membrane is the selectively permeable membrane which separates the cytoplasm from the periplasm in prokaryotes with 2 membranes. ","synonyms":"Cytoplasmic membrane; Inner membrane; Plasma membrane.; ","content":"Cell inner membrane.","is_a":"Cell membrane.; ","part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-0997","gene_ontology":"GO:0005886; plasma membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null},{"location_identifier":"Cell junction.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0038","definition":"The cell junction is a cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix contact within a tissue of a multicellular organism, especially abundant in epithelia. In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g. adherens junctions), communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and occluding junctions (e.g. tight junctions). ","synonyms":null,"content":"Cell junction.","is_a":null,"part_of":null,"keyword":"KW-0965","gene_ontology":"GO:0070161; anchoring junction; ","annotation":"Add \"Cell membrane\" if the protein is clearly associated with the membrane. ","references":null,"links":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26857/; "},{"location_identifier":"Cell membrane.","topology_identifier":null,"orientation_identifier":null,"accession":"SL-0039","definition":"The cell membrane is the selectively permeable membrane which separates the cytoplasm from its surroundings. Known as the cell inner membrane in prokaryotes with 2 membranes. ","synonyms":"Cytoplasmic membrane; Plasmalemma; Plasma membrane.; ","content":"Cell membrane.","is_a":"Membrane.; ","part_of":"Cell envelope.; Endomembrane system.; ","keyword":"KW-1003","gene_ontology":"GO:0005886; plasma membrane; ","annotation":null,"references":null,"links":null}]}