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{
"count": 543,
"next": "https://cinder.proteo.info/api/subcellular_locations/?format=api&limit=20&offset=540&ordering=synonyms",
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"results": [
{
"location_identifier": "Spore polar tube.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0436",
"definition": "The polar tube is a highly specialised structure unique to Microsporidia and required for host cell invasion. In the spore, the polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation, the polar tube rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a cell membrane and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Spore polar tube.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": "Spore.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0044099; polar tube; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Spore wall.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0254",
"definition": "Protein found in the spore wall. The spore wall is the main element of the spore's resistance to environmental stress. It is usually composed of several layers of different sugar polymers like mannans and glucans which are associated to glycoproteins. The composition, structure and number of layers are very different between bacteria, plants, protozoans or fungi. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Spore wall.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": "Spore.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0031160; spore wall; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Stress fiber.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0501",
"definition": "Stress fibers are contractile actomyosin bundles found in non-muscle cells, in eukaryotes, mostly in animals. They are composed of bundles of 10 to 30 actin filaments (microfilaments), crosslinked by alpha- actinin, and non-muscle myosin. They are often anchored to focal adhesions, that connect the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton. Stress fibers play an essential role in cell contractility, governing cell morphology, adhesion, and migration. In non-motile cells, stress fibers are usually thick and relatively stable. By contrast, highly motile cells typically contain fewer, thinner and more dynamic stress fibers. Stress fibers can be divided into at least 4 different categories : dorsal and ventral stress fibers, transverse arcs and the perinuclear actin cap. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, stress fiber.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": "Cytoskeleton.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0001725; stress fiber; ",
"annotation": "Mostly in animal, non-muscle cells. ",
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Stress granule.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0496",
"definition": "Stress granules are dense non-membrane bound aggregations in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. The aggregates are mostly composed of stalled translation initiation complexes. They are 100-200 nm in size. Stress granules can also precipitate the formation of toxic protein aggregates such as those seen during the progression of certain types of neurological disease. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Cytoplasm, Stress granule.",
"is_a": "Cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule.; ",
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0010494; cytoplasmic stress granule; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Surface film.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0255",
"definition": "The film of pulmonary surfactants which cover the alveolar surface of the mammalian lung. These surfactants are composed of 90% phospholipids and 10% proteins. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Secreted, extracellular space, surface film.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": "Extracellular space.; ",
"keyword": "KW-0767",
"gene_ontology": null,
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Symbiosome.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0256",
"definition": "Symbiosis lead to the formation of a new compartment in the plant cell when bacteria enter the plant cell by endocytosis, the symbiosome. This compartment harbours the bacteroids surrounded by a peribacteroid membrane (PMB) originating from the plant plasma membrane. The space between this membrane and the bacteroid membrane is called the peribacteroid space. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Symbiosome.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0043659; symbiosome; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Symplast.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0257",
"definition": "The symplast is a highly ordered and connected space within plants formed by the cytoplasms of individual cells connected by plasmodesmata. The symplast is held in place by a rigid framework, the apoplast. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Symplast.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0055044; symplast; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Synapse.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0258",
"definition": "Synapses are the communicating cell-cell junctions that allow signals to pass from a nerve cell to a target cell. In a chemical synapse, the signal is carried by a neurotransmitter which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, neuronal axon, a specialized region of a muscle or a secretory cell. In an electrical synapse, a direct connection is made between the cytoplasms of two cells via gap junctions. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Synapse.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": "KW-0770",
"gene_ontology": "GO:0045202; synapse; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Synaptic cell membrane.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0531",
"definition": "A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Synaptic cell membrane.",
"is_a": "Cell membrane.; ",
"part_of": "Synapse.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0097060; synaptic membrane; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Synaptic cleft.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0517",
"definition": "The narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes into which neurotransmitters are released by synaptic vesicles through exocytosis and diffuse to activate receptors on post-synaptic membrane. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Synaptic cleft.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": "Extracellular space.; Synapse.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0043083; synaptic cleft; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Synaptic vesicle.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0259",
"definition": "The synaptic vesicles mediate the exocytosis of neurotransmitters and subsequent re-uptake by endocytosis of vesicular components. Re-uptake is a crucial element in the maintenance of synaptic transmission in the nervous system. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle.",
"is_a": "Secretory vesicle.; ",
"part_of": "Synapse.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0008021; synaptic vesicle; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Synaptosome.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0261",
"definition": "Synaptosomes are the pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Synapse, synaptosome.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": "Synapse.; ",
"keyword": "KW-0771",
"gene_ontology": null,
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Target cell.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0487",
"definition": "A cell including the cell membrane and any external encapsulating of another cell. This term is used to describe a toxin located in the structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope that is the target. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Target cell.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0044216; obsolete other organism cell; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Target membrane.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0452",
"definition": "A target membrane is a lipid bilayer which surrounds target cell enclosed spaces and compartments. This selectively permeable structure is essential for effective separation of a target cell or target cell organelle from its surroundings. This term is used to describe a toxin located to a membrane of a target cell. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Target cell, Membrane, target membrane.",
"is_a": "Membrane.; Target cell.; ",
"part_of": null,
"keyword": "KW-1053",
"gene_ontology": null,
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Tegument.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0263",
"definition": "The tegument of schistosomes is an outer-surface covering blood- dwelling flatworms. This unique structure consists of a double phospholipid bilayer (also known as the heptalaminar outer-surface structure) that ovelay a syncytium of fused cells surrounding the entire worm. These outer-tegumental membranes form many surface pits that substantially increase the surface area of the schistosome. The underlying syncytial-matrix contains some mitochondria, many vesicular structures and an extensive cytoskeleton. A basal lamina separates the syncytium from a layer of muscle cells. Nuclei and ribosomes are located in cytons, which are located underneath the muscle layer and connected by microtubule-lined cytoplasmic connections. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Tegument.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": null,
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Thylakoid.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0450",
"definition": "The thylakoid is a membranous cellular structure containing the photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers and electron-transport chain. In chloroplast, thylakoids stack up to form the grana or stay as single cisternae and interconnect the grana. Thylakoid, where photosynthesis occurs, are found in chloroplasts, cyanelles and in photosynthetic bacteria where they are the extensive invaginations of the plasma membrane. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Thylakoid.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": "KW-0793",
"gene_ontology": "GO:0009579; thylakoid; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Zymogen granule.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0545",
"definition": "A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme- secreting cells that allows the sorting, packaging and regulated apical secretion of digestive enzymes. Enzymes are packaged in these granules as zymogen or proenzyme, their inactive precursor form. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Zymogen granule.",
"is_a": "Secretory vesicle.; ",
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0042588; zymogen granule; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": "PubMed=1191276; DOI=10.1016/0006-2944(75)90154-4;; ",
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Zymogen granule lumen.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0548",
"definition": "The zymogen granule compartment bounded by the membrane of the secretory vesicle. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Zymogen granule lumen.",
"is_a": "Secretory vesicle lumen.; ",
"part_of": "Zymogen granule.; ",
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": null,
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Trichocyst.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0268",
"definition": "The trichocyst is an architecturally complex secretory granule having a highly constrained shape docked at specialized cortical sites in Paramecium and other ciliates. Each cell bears about 1'000 trichocysts, which are supposed to be defensive organelles against predators. Trichocyst consists of a spindle-shaped body bearing at its wide end a tip often compared to an inverted golf tee. An external stimulus can trigger massive and synchronous exocytosis. After exocytotic membrane fusion, contact with the H2O and calcium ions in the external medium leads to an extremely rapid (< 50 ms) and irreversible expansion of the trichocyst contents, to yield a second, needle-shaped form which remains insoluble. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Trichocyst.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": null,
"gene_ontology": "GO:0055039; trichocyst; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": "PubMed=10865117; DOI=10.1016/s0300-9084(00)00201-7;; ",
"links": null
},
{
"location_identifier": "Vacuole.",
"topology_identifier": null,
"orientation_identifier": null,
"accession": "SL-0272",
"definition": "The vacuole is a generally large fluid-filled membrane-bound compartment in the cytoplasm. The precise form and function of vacuoles may vary between phyla. Plant vacuoles are among the best characterized. They differ in terms of their lumenal contents and processing enzymes, as well as on the basis of the type of integral proteins in their membranes (tonoplast intrinsic proteins, TIPs). Examples include the lytic vacuole, the storage vacuole and the lutoid. One important function of plant vacuoles is the maintenance of hydrostatic pressure. Other eukaryotes employ vacuoles for a variety of purposes, including storage (as in the yeast lysosome/vacuole), secretion and phagocytosis. In Protozoa, contractile vacuoles can be used to discharge water from the cytoplasm to the external environment. ",
"synonyms": null,
"content": "Vacuole.",
"is_a": null,
"part_of": null,
"keyword": "KW-0926",
"gene_ontology": "GO:0005773; vacuole; ",
"annotation": null,
"references": null,
"links": null
}
]
}